Laundry Symbols and License Management : Practical Considerations for the Distribution of LRs based on experiences from CLARIN

One of the most challenging tasks in building language resources is the copyright license management. There are several reasons for this. First of all, the current European copyright system is designed to a large extent to satisfy the commercial actors, e.g. publishers, record companies etc. This means that the scope and duration of the rights are very extensive and there are even certain forms of protection that do not exist elsewhere in the world, e.g. database right. On the other hand, the exceptions for research and teaching are typically very narrow.Vertaisarvioitu/peerReviewe

Kurkistuksia kollokaatioon : EU-suomen toimenpiteen rantautumisesta Suomen säädöskieleen

In translation studies, the notion of collocation has gained growing interest during the past 20 years. However, no generally accepted definition of the concept is as of yet available. Collocation is rather defined from various points of view, subject to the domain and research interests. As part of my research project, I seek to form a coherent picture covering collocation, and to identify properties of collocation in order to identify instances of collocation in corpora. Rooted in the Firthian tradition of language studies, the theory is reflected upon the findings which stem from the data observed. The properties identified comprise frequency, structure, meaning and association. The present research seeks to find out whether collocations in the translated European Union regulations are similar to those in statutes originally written in Finnish. For this purpose, two corpora were created, and three reference corpora provided by the Language Bank of Finland were consulted during the research process. The research corpus comprises regulations by the European Union at the time Finland joined the community, and the first reference corpus comprises parts of the Finnish legislation from the same period. The findings in these two corpora are compared with the Semfinlex corpora of original statutes, the corpus of laws and directives originally compiled at the Institute for the Languages of Finland, and a corpus of newspapers and magazines. The research methods are basic language technology tools, and the method is descriptive in nature. One concurrent term is studied in detail, toimenpide [‘measure’], and its collocative behaviour with six verbs is recorded. These verbs are ryhtyä, soveltaa, suorittaa, säätää, tehdä and toteuttaa [verbs of ‘doing’]. Besides offering insights into theory formation, the results show a clear tendency for the translations of the EU regulations to choose different verbs from the Finnish legislation to form collocations with the term subject to research. Analysis of the collocates in various corpora suggests that there is a change taking place in the Finnish legislative language with more variation in the usage of the term and new meanings added to the existing ones.Kollokaatio on ollut käännöstieteen tutkijoiden kasvavan kiinnostuksen kohteena viimeisen 20 vuoden ajan. Ilmiön määrittelyssä ei ole saavutettu yksimielisyyttä ja kollokaatio tutkimuskohteena määritellään tavallisesti tutkimuskohteeseen ja tutkimustavoitteisiin nähden tarpeellisella laajuudella. Olen koonnut mahdollisimman kattavan joukon tutkimuskirjallisuudesta löytyviä ominaispiirteitä, joiden avulla arvioin ja käsittelen aineistosta nousevia havaintoja. Ominaispiirteet ovat määrällisiä, rakenteeseen liittyviä, merkitystä ja assosiaatiota valottavia. Näistä määrälliset ja kollokaation rakenteeseen liittyvät ominaispiirteet ovat tutkimukseni keskiössä. Tarkastelen merkitykseen ja assosiaatioon liittyviä piirteitä siinä määrin, kun se aineiston ja tutkimusmenetelmän ehdoilla on mahdollista. Näkökulmani tutkimuksessa on kääntäjän ja katson käännettävään tekstiin pyrkien näkemään sen termien tendenssiä kollokoida muiden kielellisten elementtien kanssa. Pyrin selvittämään, ovatko Euroopan unionin suomennetut asetukset kollokaatioiden suhteen erilaisia kuin Suomen säädöskokoelman säädökset ja saapuuko EU-asetusten myötä Suomen säädöskieleen epätyypillisiä kollokaatioita. Varsinaisen tutkimusaineistoni koostuu EU-asetuksista ajalta, jolloin Suomi liittyi Euroopan yhteisöjen jäseneksi. EU-asetusten ensimmäiseksi verrannaisaineistoksi olen koonnut Suomen säädöskokoelmasta sisällöllisesti ja ajallisesti mahdollisimman hyvin varsinaista tutkimusaineistoa vastaavan tekstikorpuksen. Näistä kahdesta aineistosta tehtyjä havaintoja ja tuloksia vertaan Kielipankin kautta käytettävissä olevaan Semanttisen finlexin lakeja sisältävään osakorpukseen, Kotuksen lakeja, asetuksia ja direktiivejä sisältävään tekstikorpukseen sekä yleiskieliseen sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiä sisältävään tekstikorpukseen. Keskityn tarkastelemaan termiä toimenpide ja sen yhteisesiintymistä tekstiyhteydessä esiintyvän kuuden verbin kanssa. Nämä verbit ovat ryhtyä, soveltaa, suorittaa, säätää, tehdä ja toteuttaa. Tulokset osoittavat selkeitä määrällisiä eroja EU-aineiston ja Suomen säädöskokoelman välillä aineistoissa havaittavien yhteisesiintyjien suhteen. EU näyttäytyy paitsi uusia ajattelutapoja ja uutta sääntelyä suomalaiseen säädöskieleen tuovana, myös uudenlaisia merkityssisältöjä toimenpiteelle tuottavana organisaationa. Tulosten perusteella voidaan olettaa, että suomalainen säädöskieli on muuttunut ja tulee muuttumaan Euroopan unionin tekstien vaikutuksesta. Suomen säädöskielessä siirrymme toteuttamaan toimenpiteitä niihin ryhtymisen sijaan

Phosphorylated CtIP bridges DNA to promote annealing of broken ends

The early steps of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in human cells involve the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex and its cofactor, phosphorylated CtIP. The roles of these proteins in nucleolytic DSB resection are well characterized, but their role in bridging the DNA ends for efficient and correct repair is much less explored. Here we study the binding of phosphorylated CtIP, which promotes the endonuclease activity of MRN, to single long (∼50 kb) DNA molecules using nanofluidic channels and compare it to the yeast homolog Sae2. CtIP bridges DNA in a manner that depends on the oligomeric state of the protein, and truncated mutants demonstrate that the bridging depends on CtIP regions distinct from those that stimulate the nuclease activity of MRN. Sae2 is a much smaller protein than CtIP, and its bridging is significantly less efficient. Our results demonstrate that the nuclease cofactor and structural functions of CtIP may depend on the same protein population, which may be crucial for CtIP functions in both homologous recombination and microhomology-mediated end-joining.ISSN:0027-8424ISSN:1091-649

Inquiries into words, constraints and contexts : Festschrift in the honour of Kimmo Koskenniemi on his 60th birthday

Peer reviewe

Rye kernel breakfast increases satiety in the afternoon - an effect of food structure

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The structure of whole grain cereals is maintained to varying degrees during processing and preparation of foods. Food structure can influence metabolism, including perceived hunger and satiety. A diet that enhances satiety per calorie may help to prevent excessive calorie intake. The objective of this work was to compare subjective appetite ratings after consumption of intact and milled rye kernels.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two studies were performed using a randomized, cross-over design. Ratings for appetite (hunger, satiety and desire to eat) were registered during an 8-h period after consumption of whole and milled rye kernels prepared as breads (study 1, n = 24) and porridges (study 2, n = 20). Sifted wheat bread was used as reference in both study parts and the products were eaten in iso-caloric portions with standardized additional breakfast foods. Breads and porridges were analyzed to determine whether structure (whole vs. milled kernels) effected dietary fibre content and composition after preparation of the products. Statistical evaluation of the appetite ratings after intake of the different breakfasts was done by paired t-tests for morning and afternoon ratings separately, with subjects as random effect and type of breakfast and time points as fixed effects.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All rye breakfasts resulted in higher satiety ratings in the morning and afternoon compared with the iso-caloric reference breakfast with sifted wheat bread. Rye bread with milled or whole kernels affected appetite equally, so no effect of structure was observed. In contrast, after consumption of the rye kernel breakfast, satiety was increased and hunger suppressed in the afternoon compared with the milled rye kernel porridge breakfast. This effect could be related to structural differences alone, because the products were equal in nutritional content including dietary fibre content and composition.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The study demonstrates that small changes in diet composition such as cereal grain structure have the potential to effect feelings of hunger and satiety.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01042418">NCT01042418</a>.</p

Assessing Trustworthy AI in times of COVID-19. Deep Learning for predicting a multi-regional score conveying the degree of lung compromise in COVID-19 patients

Abstract—The paper's main contributions are twofold: to demonstrate how to apply the general European Union’s High-Level Expert Group’s (EU HLEG) guidelines for trustworthy AI in practice for the domain of healthcare; and to investigate the research question of what does “trustworthy AI” mean at the time of the COVID-19 pandemic. To this end, we present the results of a post-hoc self-assessment to evaluate the trustworthiness of an AI system for predicting a multi-regional score conveying the degree of lung compromise in COVID-19 patients, developed and verified by an interdisciplinary team with members from academia, public hospitals, and industry in time of pandemic. The AI system aims to help radiologists to estimate and communicate the severity of damage in a patient’s lung from Chest X-rays. It has been experimentally deployed in the radiology department of the ASST Spedali Civili clinic in Brescia (Italy) since December 2020 during pandemic time. The methodology we have applied for our post-hoc assessment, called Z-Inspection®, uses socio-technical scenarios to identify ethical, technical and domain-specific issues in the use of the AI system in the context of the pandemic.</p

On a scale from one to ten - Nurses´ strategies for postoperative pain assessment

Bakgrund: Under de första 24 timmarna upplever 76 till 88 procent av patienter som genomgått ett kirurgiskt ingrepp medelsvår till outhärdlig smärta. Den postoperativa smärtan är en akut nociceptiv smärta, orsakad av ett kirurgiskt ingrepp som medför en vävnadsskada. Den postoperativa smärtan är individuell och beror på patientens smärttröskel och på psykologiska aspekter. Då patientens sätt att kommunicera kan ändra sig beroende på om patienten upplever smärta, är sjuksköterskans kunskap om kommunikation av vikt. Syfte: Var att belysa sjuksköterskans strategier för bedömning av postoperativ smärta hos vuxna patienter inom slutenvård. Samt att se om det skiljde sig mellan sjuksköterskans och patientens egen skattning av postoperativ smärta och om det fanns skillnader i sjuksköterskans bedömning och hantering av postoperativ smärta, beroende på erfarenhet som vidareutbildning eller antal yrkesverksamma år. Metod: Litteraturöversikt bestående av 8 kvalitativa och 11 kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra strategier för smärtbedömning kunde identifieras; användning av smärtskattningsinstrument, kommunikation, den kliniska blicken och patientgruppering. Det framkom att det fanns både över- och underskattning, samt samband mellan patientens och sjuksköterskans skattning av postoperativ smärta. Majoriteten av studierna visade dock att sjuksköterskan underskattade patientens smärta. Olika samband mellan erfarenhetens betydelse vid bedömning och hantering av postoperativ smärta kunde ses. Konklusion: Hur strategierna används och vilken erfarenhet sjuksköterskan har, är avgörande för hur väl sjuksköterskans smärtbedömning stämmer överens med patientens upplevelse. Det är av största vikt att vården är personcentrerad och identifierar patientens unika upplevelse för att bedömningen skall bli optimal. För att detta skall kunna uppnås krävs det fler studier som kan påvisa effektiva strategier för smärtbedömning

Media For President : En studie om svensk kvällspress gestaltning av de tre största partierna efter valet år 2014

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the Swedish tabloids portray three of Sweden’s parliamentary parties - The Swedish Moderate Party, The Social Democrat Party and The Swedish Democrat Party. By distinguishing if the media framing of the political parties follows the political logic or the media logic, a greater understanding and awareness of the relation between citizens’ trust of political parties and the media, can be reached. The study is based on a quantitative content analysis of 610 published articles in the two largest Swedish tabloids - Aftonbladet and Expressen. The study is based on a theoretical framework that includes mediation, the medialization theory, the agenda setting theory and the framing theory. The result indicates that media logic is most frequently used in the portrayal of the Swedish parlamentary parties in the Swedish tabloids. This study shows that media logic is applied in 77 % of the articles, compared to political logic that is applied in 21 %, of the 610 articles gathered during the research process of this thesis. The results show no significant differences between the tabloids, however the framing of the three political parties differ. The Swedish Democrat party is portrayed more often in a scandalous perspective than the other two parties, and more rarely through issue framing. By applying the theory of Strömbäck (2103b), the result of this study indicates that the tabloids framing should affect the citizens’ political opinions and trust

Hållbarhet i slöjdämnet : Innehåll och undervisningstraditioner

Trots att hållbar utveckling har funnits med som ett konkret innehåll i slöjdämnet i Sverige sedan 2011 vet vi väldigt lite om vad slöjdlärare gör när de undervisar om hållbar utveckling. Syftet med studien är därför att undersöka vad och på vilket sätt slöjdlärare undervisar om hållbarhetsfrågor. Studien presenterar resultat från en kvalitativ enkätundersökning där 70 yrkesverksamma slöjdlärare i Sverige har deltagit. Våra forskningsfrågor är: (1) Vilket undervisningsinnehåll om hållbar utveckling lyfts fram i slöjdlärarnas beskrivningar av sin undervisning? (2) Vilken/vilka undervisningstraditioner framträder genom lärarnas utsagor? Tre övergripande undervisningsinnehåll har identifierats: att återbruka, att få kunskap om material och hållbar konsumtion. Resultatet visar också att även om samma ord används, så som återbruk, finns det en variation kring vad det konkret innebär. Det sätt lärarna undervisar på, vilket har studerats utifrån olika miljöundervisningsstraditioner, visar att en faktabaserad och en normativ undervisningstradition är tydligast framträdande i lärarnas utsagor. Artikeln avslutas med en diskussion om vilket hållbarhetsinnehåll som är framträdande i resultatet, hur undervisningsinnehållet om hållbar utveckling är rotat i olika förståelser av vad som anses vara hållbart och vilka pedagogiska utmaningar, men även möjligheter, det för med sig